4 Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
5 Home-page: http://python-requests.org
7 Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
9 Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
10 =========================
12 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
13 :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
15 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/requests.svg
16 :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
18 Requests is the only *Non-GMO* HTTP library for Python, safe for human
21 **Warning:** Recreational use of other HTTP libraries may result in dangerous side-effects,
22 including: security vulnerabilities, verbose code, reinventing the wheel,
23 constantly reading documentation, depression, headaches, or even death.
25 Behold, the power of Requests:
27 .. code-block:: python
29 >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
32 >>> r.headers['content-type']
33 'application/json; charset=utf8'
39 {u'disk_usage': 368627, u'private_gists': 484, ...}
41 See `the similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
43 Requests allows you to send *organic, grass-fed* HTTP/1.1 requests, without the
44 need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your
45 URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling
46 are 100% automatic, powered by `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_,
47 which is embedded within Requests.
49 Besides, all the cool kids are doing it. Requests is one of the most
50 downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in over 7,000,000 downloads
51 every month. You don't want to be left out!
56 Requests is ready for today's web.
58 - International Domains and URLs
59 - Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
60 - Sessions with Cookie Persistence
61 - Browser-style SSL Verification
62 - Basic/Digest Authentication
63 - Elegant Key/Value Cookies
64 - Automatic Decompression
65 - Automatic Content Decoding
66 - Unicode Response Bodies
67 - Multipart File Uploads
68 - HTTP(S) Proxy Support
75 Requests supports Python 2.6 — 3.5, and runs great on PyPy.
80 To install Requests, simply:
84 $ pip install requests
87 Satisfaction, guaranteed.
92 Fantastic documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/, for a limited time only.
98 #. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
99 #. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
100 #. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
101 #. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.
103 .. _`the repository`: http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
104 .. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
105 .. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open
118 - SOCKS Proxy Support! (requires PySocks; $ pip install requests[socks])
122 - Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.15.1.
129 - Change built-in CaseInsensitiveDict (used for headers) to use OrderedDict
130 as its underlying datastore.
134 - Don't use redirect_cache if allow_redirects=False
135 - When passed objects that throw exceptions from ``tell()``, send them via
136 chunked transfer encoding instead of failing.
137 - Raise a ProxyError for proxy related connection issues.
144 - Resolve regression introduced in 2.9.0 that made it impossible to send binary
145 strings as bodies in Python 3.
146 - Fixed errors when calculating cookie expiration dates in certain locales.
150 - Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.13.1.
155 **Minor Improvements** (Backwards compatible)
157 - The ``verify`` keyword argument now supports being passed a path to a
158 directory of CA certificates, not just a single-file bundle.
159 - Warnings are now emitted when sending files opened in text mode.
160 - Added the 511 Network Authentication Required status code to the status code
165 - For file-like objects that are not seeked to the very beginning, we now
166 send the content length for the number of bytes we will actually read, rather
167 than the total size of the file, allowing partial file uploads.
168 - When uploading file-like objects, if they are empty or have no obvious
169 content length we set ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` rather than
170 ``Content-Length: 0``.
171 - We correctly receive the response in buffered mode when uploading chunked
173 - We now handle being passed a query string as a bytestring on Python 3, by
174 decoding it as UTF-8.
175 - Sessions are now closed in all cases (exceptional and not) when using the
176 functional API rather than leaking and waiting for the garbage collector to
178 - Correctly handle digest auth headers with a malformed ``qop`` directive that
179 contains no token, by treating it the same as if no ``qop`` directive was
181 - Minor performance improvements when removing specific cookies by name.
185 - Updated urllib3 to 1.13.
192 - Update certificate bundle to match ``certifi`` 2015.9.6.2's weak certificate
194 - Fix a bug in 2.8.0 where requests would raise ``ConnectTimeout`` instead of
196 - When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly respect the
197 ``json`` parameter. Broken in 2.8.0.
198 - When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly handle a
199 Unicode-string method name on Python 2. Broken in 2.8.0.
204 **Minor Improvements** (Backwards Compatible)
206 - Requests now supports per-host proxies. This allows the ``proxies``
207 dictionary to have entries of the form
208 ``{'<scheme>://<hostname>': '<proxy>'}``. Host-specific proxies will be used
209 in preference to the previously-supported scheme-specific ones, but the
210 previous syntax will continue to work.
211 - ``Response.raise_for_status`` now prints the URL that failed as part of the
213 - ``requests.utils.get_netrc_auth`` now takes an ``raise_errors`` kwarg,
214 defaulting to ``False``. When ``True``, errors parsing ``.netrc`` files cause
215 exceptions to be thrown.
216 - Change to bundled projects import logic to make it easier to unbundle
218 - Changed the default User-Agent string to avoid leaking data on Linux: now
219 contains only the requests version.
223 - The ``json`` parameter to ``post()`` and friends will now only be used if
224 neither ``data`` nor ``files`` are present, consistent with the
226 - We now ignore empty fields in the ``NO_PROXY`` environment variable.
227 - Fixed problem where ``httplib.BadStatusLine`` would get raised if combining
228 ``stream=True`` with ``contextlib.closing``.
229 - Prevented bugs where we would attempt to return the same connection back to
230 the connection pool twice when sending a Chunked body.
231 - Miscellaneous minor internal changes.
232 - Digest Auth support is now thread safe.
236 - Updated urllib3 to 1.12.
241 This is the first release that follows our new release process. For more, see
243 <http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/release-process/>`_.
247 - Updated urllib3 to 1.10.4, resolving several bugs involving chunked transfer
248 encoding and response framing.
255 - Fix regression where compressed data that was sent as chunked data was not
256 properly decompressed. (#2561)
263 - Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
265 - Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to
266 pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
268 - Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to
271 - Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that
272 cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
274 - Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest
275 Authentication. (#2426)
277 - Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance
278 of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)
285 - CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie
286 without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL
287 exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie
288 stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of
289 `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>`_. This affects all versions of requests from
290 v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
292 - Fix error when requests is an ``install_requires`` dependency and ``python
293 setup.py test`` is run. (#2462)
295 - Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the
296 vendored import location.
298 - Include fixes to ``urllib3``'s header handling.
300 - Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.
302 **Features and Improvements**
304 - Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the ``files`` argument.
307 - Avoid data duplication when creating a request with ``str``, ``bytes``, or
308 ``bytearray`` input to the ``files`` argument.
315 - Revert changes to our vendored certificate bundle. For more context see
316 (#2455, #2456, and http://bugs.python.org/issue23476)
321 **Features and Improvements**
323 - Add sha256 fingerprint support. (`shazow/urllib3#540`_)
325 - Improve the performance of headers. (`shazow/urllib3#544`_)
329 - Copy pip's import machinery. When downstream redistributors remove
330 requests.packages.urllib3 the import machinery will continue to let those
331 same symbols work. Example usage in requests' documentation and 3rd-party
332 libraries relying on the vendored copies of urllib3 will work without having
333 to fallback to the system urllib3.
335 - Attempt to quote parts of the URL on redirect if unquoting and then quoting
338 - Fix filename type check for multipart form-data uploads. (#2411)
340 - Properly handle the case where a server issuing digest authentication
341 challenges provides both auth and auth-int qop-values. (#2408)
343 - Fix a socket leak. (`shazow/urllib3#549`_)
345 - Fix multiple ``Set-Cookie`` headers properly. (`shazow/urllib3#534`_)
347 - Disable the built-in hostname verification. (`shazow/urllib3#526`_)
349 - Fix the behaviour of decoding an exhausted stream. (`shazow/urllib3#535`_)
353 - Pulled in an updated ``cacert.pem``.
355 - Drop RC4 from the default cipher list. (`shazow/urllib3#551`_)
357 .. _shazow/urllib3#551: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/551
358 .. _shazow/urllib3#549: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/549
359 .. _shazow/urllib3#544: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/544
360 .. _shazow/urllib3#540: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/540
361 .. _shazow/urllib3#535: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/535
362 .. _shazow/urllib3#534: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/534
363 .. _shazow/urllib3#526: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/526
368 **Behavioural Changes**
370 - Only catch HTTPErrors in raise_for_status (#2382)
374 - Handle LocationParseError from urllib3 (#2344)
375 - Handle file-like object filenames that are not strings (#2379)
376 - Unbreak HTTPDigestAuth handler. Allow new nonces to be negotiated (#2389)
383 - Allow usage of urllib3's Retry object with HTTPAdapters (#2216)
384 - The ``iter_lines`` method on a response now accepts a delimiter with which
385 to split the content (#2295)
387 **Behavioural Changes**
389 - Add deprecation warnings to functions in requests.utils that will be removed
391 - Sessions used by the functional API are always closed (#2326)
392 - Restrict requests to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 (stop accepting HTTP/0.9) (#2323)
396 - Only parse the URL once (#2353)
397 - Allow Content-Length header to always be overridden (#2332)
398 - Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
399 - Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
400 - Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully
402 - Fix crash with custom method parameter to Session.request (#2317)
403 - Fix how Link headers are parsed using the regular expression library (#2271)
407 - Add more references for interlinking (#2348)
408 - Update CSS for theme (#2290)
409 - Update width of buttons and sidebar (#2289)
410 - Replace references of Gittip with Gratipay (#2282)
411 - Add link to changelog in sidebar (#2273)
418 - Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
419 - Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
420 - Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
428 - FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
429 - Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
433 - Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
434 - Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
438 - Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
439 - Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
440 - Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
447 - Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
448 - Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
449 - Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
450 - Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
456 **Behavioral Changes**
458 - ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
462 - Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
463 - Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
464 - Updated bundled urllib3 version.
465 - Refactored settings loading from environment -- new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
466 - Handle socket errors in iter_content.
474 - New ``Response`` property ``is_redirect``, which is true when the
475 library could have processed this response as a redirection (whether
476 or not it actually did).
477 - The ``timeout`` parameter now affects requests with both ``stream=True`` and
478 ``stream=False`` equally.
479 - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
480 Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
481 - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
482 dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
486 - No longer expose Authorization or Proxy-Authorization headers on redirect.
487 Fix CVE-2014-1829 and CVE-2014-1830 respectively.
488 - Authorization is re-evaluated each redirect.
489 - On redirect, pass url as native strings.
490 - Fall-back to autodetected encoding for JSON when Unicode detection fails.
491 - Headers set to ``None`` on the ``Session`` are now correctly not sent.
492 - Correctly honor ``decode_unicode`` even if it wasn't used earlier in the same
494 - Stop advertising ``compress`` as a supported Content-Encoding.
495 - The ``Response.history`` parameter is now always a list.
496 - Many, many ``urllib3`` bugfixes.
503 - Fixes incorrect parsing of proxy credentials that contain a literal or encoded '#' character.
504 - Assorted urllib3 fixes.
511 - New exception: ``ContentDecodingError``. Raised instead of ``urllib3``
512 ``DecodeError`` exceptions.
516 - Avoid many many exceptions from the buggy implementation of ``proxy_bypass`` on OS X in Python 2.6.
517 - Avoid crashing when attempting to get authentication credentials from ~/.netrc when running as a user without a home directory.
518 - Use the correct pool size for pools of connections to proxies.
519 - Fix iteration of ``CookieJar`` objects.
520 - Ensure that cookies are persisted over redirect.
521 - Switch back to using chardet, since it has merged with charade.
526 - Updated CA Bundle, of course.
527 - Cookies set on individual Requests through a ``Session`` (e.g. via ``Session.get()``) are no longer persisted to the ``Session``.
528 - Clean up connections when we hit problems during chunked upload, rather than leaking them.
529 - Return connections to the pool when a chunked upload is successful, rather than leaking it.
530 - Match the HTTPbis recommendation for HTTP 301 redirects.
531 - Prevent hanging when using streaming uploads and Digest Auth when a 401 is received.
532 - Values of headers set by Requests are now always the native string type.
533 - Fix previously broken SNI support.
534 - Fix accessing HTTP proxies using proxy authentication.
535 - Unencode HTTP Basic usernames and passwords extracted from URLs.
536 - Support for IP address ranges for no_proxy environment variable
537 - Parse headers correctly when users override the default ``Host:`` header.
538 - Avoid munging the URL in case of case-sensitive servers.
539 - Looser URL handling for non-HTTP/HTTPS urls.
540 - Accept unicode methods in Python 2.6 and 2.7.
541 - More resilient cookie handling.
542 - Make ``Response`` objects pickleable.
543 - Actually added MD5-sess to Digest Auth instead of pretending to like last time.
544 - Updated internal urllib3.
545 - Fixed @Lukasa's lack of taste.
550 - Updated included CA Bundle with new mistrusts and automated process for the future
551 - Added MD5-sess to Digest Auth
552 - Accept per-file headers in multipart file POST messages.
553 - Fixed: Don't send the full URL on CONNECT messages.
554 - Fixed: Correctly lowercase a redirect scheme.
555 - Fixed: Cookies not persisted when set via functional API.
556 - Fixed: Translate urllib3 ProxyError into a requests ProxyError derived from ConnectionError.
557 - Updated internal urllib3 and chardet.
564 - Keys in the Headers dictionary are now native strings on all Python versions,
565 i.e. bytestrings on Python 2, unicode on Python 3.
566 - Proxy URLs now *must* have an explicit scheme. A ``MissingSchema`` exception
567 will be raised if they don't.
568 - Timeouts now apply to read time if ``Stream=False``.
569 - ``RequestException`` is now a subclass of ``IOError``, not ``RuntimeError``.
570 - Added new method to ``PreparedRequest`` objects: ``PreparedRequest.copy()``.
571 - Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.update_request()``. This
572 method updates a ``Request`` object with the data (e.g. cookies) stored on
574 - Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.prepare_request()``. This
575 method updates and prepares a ``Request`` object, and returns the
576 corresponding ``PreparedRequest`` object.
577 - Added new method to ``HTTPAdapter`` objects: ``HTTPAdapter.proxy_headers()``.
578 This should not be called directly, but improves the subclass interface.
579 - ``httplib.IncompleteRead`` exceptions caused by incorrect chunked encoding
580 will now raise a Requests ``ChunkedEncodingError`` instead.
581 - Invalid percent-escape sequences now cause a Requests ``InvalidURL``
582 exception to be raised.
583 - HTTP 208 no longer uses reason phrase ``"im_used"``. Correctly uses
584 ``"already_reported"``.
585 - HTTP 226 reason added (``"im_used"``).
589 - Vastly improved proxy support, including the CONNECT verb. Special thanks to
590 the many contributors who worked towards this improvement.
591 - Cookies are now properly managed when 401 authentication responses are
593 - Chunked encoding fixes.
594 - Support for mixed case schemes.
595 - Better handling of streaming downloads.
596 - Retrieve environment proxies from more locations.
597 - Minor cookies fixes.
598 - Improved redirect behaviour.
599 - Improved streaming behaviour, particularly for compressed data.
600 - Miscellaneous small Python 3 text encoding bugs.
601 - ``.netrc`` no longer overrides explicit auth.
602 - Cookies set by hooks are now correctly persisted on Sessions.
603 - Fix problem with cookies that specify port numbers in their host field.
604 - ``BytesIO`` can be used to perform streaming uploads.
605 - More generous parsing of the ``no_proxy`` environment variable.
606 - Non-string objects can be passed in data values alongside files.
611 - Simple packaging fix
617 - Simple packaging fix
623 - 301 and 302 redirects now change the verb to GET for all verbs, not just
624 POST, improving browser compatibility.
625 - Python 3.3.2 compatibility
626 - Always percent-encode location headers
627 - Fix connection adapter matching to be most-specific first
628 - new argument to the default connection adapter for passing a block argument
629 - prevent a KeyError when there's no link headers
634 - Fixed cookies on sessions and on requests
635 - Significantly change how hooks are dispatched - hooks now receive all the
636 arguments specified by the user when making a request so hooks can make a
637 secondary request with the same parameters. This is especially necessary for
638 authentication handler authors
639 - certifi support was removed
640 - Fixed bug where using OAuth 1 with body ``signature_type`` sent no data
641 - Major proxy work thanks to @Lukasa including parsing of proxy authentication
643 - Fix DigestAuth handling too many 401s
644 - Update vendored urllib3 to include SSL bug fixes
645 - Allow keyword arguments to be passed to ``json.loads()`` via the
646 ``Response.json()`` method
647 - Don't send ``Content-Length`` header by default on ``GET`` or ``HEAD``
649 - Add ``elapsed`` attribute to ``Response`` objects to time how long a request
651 - Fix ``RequestsCookieJar``
652 - Sessions and Adapters are now picklable, i.e., can be used with the
653 multiprocessing library
654 - Update charade to version 1.0.3
656 The change in how hooks are dispatched will likely cause a great deal of
663 - Support for iterable response bodies
664 - Assume servers persist redirect params
665 - Allow explicit content types to be specified for file data
666 - Make merge_kwargs case-insensitive when looking up keys
671 - Fix file upload encoding bug
672 - Fix cookie behavior
677 - Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
682 - Cert verification exception bug.
683 - Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
688 - Massive Refactor and Simplification
689 - Switch to Apache 2.0 license
690 - Swappable Connection Adapters
691 - Mountable Connection Adapters
692 - Mutable ProcessedRequest chain
694 - Removal of all configuration
695 - Standard library logging
696 - Make Response.json() callable, not property.
697 - Usage of new charade project, which provides python 2 and 3 simultaneous chardet.
698 - Removal of all hooks except 'response'
699 - Removal of all authentication helpers (OAuth, Kerberos)
701 This is not a backwards compatible change.
706 - Improved mime-compatible JSON handling
709 - Case-Insensitive Content-Encoding headers
710 - Support for CJK parameters in form posts
716 - Python 3.3 Compatibility
717 - Simply default accept-encoding
724 - No more iter_content errors if already downloaded.
729 - Fix for OAuth + POSTs
730 - Remove exception eating from dispatch_hook
736 - Incredible Link header support :)
741 - Support for (key, value) lists everywhere.
742 - Digest Authentication improvements.
743 - Ensure proxy exclusions work properly.
744 - Clearer UnicodeError exceptions.
745 - Automatic casting of URLs to strings (fURL and such)
751 - Long awaited fix for hanging connections!
761 - GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication!
762 - App Engine 2.7 Fixes!
763 - Fix leaking connections (from urllib3 update)
764 - OAuthlib path hack fix
765 - OAuthlib URL parameters fix.
770 - Use simplejson if available.
771 - Do not hide SSLErrors behind Timeouts.
772 - Fixed param handling with urls containing fragments.
773 - Significantly improved information in User Agent.
774 - client certificates are ignored when verify=False
779 - Zero dependencies (once again)!
780 - New: Response.reason
781 - Sign querystring parameters in OAuth 1.0
782 - Client certificates no longer ignored when verify=False
783 - Add openSUSE certificate support
788 - Allow passing a file or file-like object as data.
789 - Allow hooks to return responses that indicate errors.
790 - Fix Response.text and Response.json for body-less responses.
795 - Removal of Requests.async in favor of `grequests <https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests>`_
796 - Allow disabling of cookie persistence.
797 - New implementation of safe_mode
798 - cookies.get now supports default argument
799 - Session cookies not saved when Session.request is called with return_response=False
800 - Env: no_proxy support.
801 - RequestsCookieJar improvements.
807 - New ``Response.json`` property.
808 - Ability to add string file uploads.
809 - Fix out-of-range issue with iter_lines.
810 - Fix iter_content default size.
811 - Fix POST redirects containing files.
816 - EXPERIMENTAL OAUTH SUPPORT!
817 - Proper CookieJar-backed cookies interface with awesome dict-like interface.
818 - Speed fix for non-iterated content chunks.
819 - Move ``pre_request`` to a more usable place.
820 - New ``pre_send`` hook.
821 - Lazily encode data, params, files.
822 - Load system Certificate Bundle if ``certify`` isn't available.
828 - Attempt to use the OS's certificate bundle if ``certifi`` isn't available.
829 - Infinite digest auth redirect fix.
830 - Multi-part file upload improvements.
831 - Fix decoding of invalid %encodings in URLs.
832 - If there is no content in a response don't throw an error the second time that content is attempted to be read.
833 - Upload data on redirects.
838 * POST redirects now break RFC to do what browsers do: Follow up with a GET.
839 * New ``strict_mode`` configuration to disable new redirect behavior.
845 * Private SSL Certificate support
846 * Remove select.poll from Gevent monkeypatching
847 * Remove redundant generator for chunked transfer encoding
848 * Fix: Response.ok raises Timeout Exception in safe_mode
853 * Generate chunked ValueError fix
854 * Proxy configuration by environment variables
855 * Simplification of iter_lines.
856 * New `trust_env` configuration for disabling system/environment hints.
857 * Suppress cookie errors.
862 * `encode_uri` = False
867 * Allow '=' in cookies.
872 * Response body with 0 content-length fix.
874 * Don't fail on netrc.
885 * HEAD requests don't follow redirects anymore.
886 * raise_for_status() doesn't raise for 3xx anymore.
887 * Make Session objects picklable.
888 * ValueError for invalid schema URLs.
893 * Vastly improved URL quoting.
894 * Additional allowed cookie key values.
895 * Attempted fix for "Too many open files" Error
896 * Replace unicode errors on first pass, no need for second pass.
897 * Append '/' to bare-domain urls before query insertion.
898 * Exceptions now inherit from RuntimeError.
899 * Binary uploads + auth fix.
907 * Dropped 2.5 Support. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
912 * ``Response.content`` is now bytes-only. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
913 * New ``Response.text`` is unicode-only.
914 * If no ``Response.encoding`` is specified and ``chardet`` is available, ``Response.text`` will guess an encoding.
915 * Default to ISO-8859-1 (Western) encoding for "text" subtypes.
916 * Removal of `decode_unicode`. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
917 * New multiple-hooks system.
918 * New ``Response.register_hook`` for registering hooks within the pipeline.
919 * ``Response.url`` is now Unicode.
924 * SSL verify=False bugfix (apparent on windows machines).
929 * Asynchronous async.send method.
930 * Support for proper chunk streams with boundaries.
931 * session argument for Session classes.
932 * Print entire hook tracebacks, not just exception instance.
933 * Fix response.iter_lines from pending next line.
934 * Fix but in HTTP-digest auth w/ URI having query strings.
935 * Fix in Event Hooks section.
942 * danger_mode for automatic Response.raise_for_status()
943 * Response.iter_lines refactor
948 * verify ssl is default.
960 * SSL CERT VERIFICATION!
961 * Release of Cerifi: Mozilla's cert list.
962 * New 'verify' argument for SSL requests.
968 * iter_lines last-line truncation fix
969 * Force safe_mode for async requests
970 * Handle safe_mode exceptions more consistently
971 * Fix iteration on null responses in safe_mode
976 * Socket timeout fixes.
977 * Proxy Authorization support.
982 * Response.iter_lines!
988 * Added license to installed version.
993 * Converted auth system to use simpler callable objects.
994 * New session parameter to API methods.
995 * Display full URL while logging.
1000 * New Unicode decoding system, based on over-ridable `Response.encoding`.
1001 * Proper URL slash-quote handling.
1002 * Cookies with ``[``, ``]``, and ``_`` allowed.
1007 * URL Request path fix
1014 * Keep-alive support!
1015 * Complete removal of Urllib2
1016 * Complete removal of Poster
1017 * Complete removal of CookieJars
1018 * New ConnectionError raising
1019 * Safe_mode for error catching
1020 * prefetch parameter for request methods
1022 * Async pool size throttling
1023 * File uploads send real names
1024 * Vendored in urllib3
1029 * Digest authentication bugfix (attach query data to path)
1034 * Response.content = None if there was an invalid response.
1035 * Redirection auth handling.
1040 * Session Hooks fix.
1057 * Move away from urllib2 authentication handling.
1058 * Fully Remove AuthManager, AuthObject, &c.
1059 * New tuple-based auth system with handler callbacks.
1065 * Sessions are now the primary interface.
1066 * Deprecated InvalidMethodException.
1068 * New config system (no more global settings).
1074 * Session parameter bugfix (params merging).
1080 * Offline (fast) test suite.
1081 * Session dictionary argument merging.
1087 * Automatic decoding of unicode, based on HTTP Headers.
1088 * New ``decode_unicode`` setting.
1089 * Removal of ``r.read/close`` methods.
1090 * New ``r.faw`` interface for advanced response usage.*
1091 * Automatic expansion of parameterized headers.
1097 * Beautiful ``requests.async`` module, for making async requests w/ gevent.
1103 * GET/HEAD obeys allow_redirects=False.
1109 * Enhanced status codes experience ``\o/``
1110 * Set a maximum number of redirects (``settings.max_redirects``)
1111 * Full Unicode URL support
1112 * Support for protocol-less redirects.
1113 * Allow for arbitrary request types.
1120 * New callback hook system
1121 * New persistent sessions object and context manager
1122 * Transparent Dict-cookie handling
1123 * Status code reference object
1124 * Removed Response.cached
1125 * Added Response.request
1126 * All args are kwargs
1127 * Relative redirect support
1128 * HTTPError handling improvements
1129 * Improved https testing
1136 * International Domain Name Support!
1137 * Access headers without fetching entire body (``read()``)
1138 * Use lists as dicts for parameters
1139 * Add Forced Basic Authentication
1140 * Forced Basic is default authentication type
1141 * ``python-requests.org`` default User-Agent header
1142 * CaseInsensitiveDict lower-case caching
1143 * Response.history bugfix
1150 * Support for Proxies
1151 * HTTPBin Test Suite
1153 * settings.verbose stream writing
1154 * Querystrings for all methods
1155 * URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicitly raised
1156 ``r.requests.get('hwe://blah'); r.raise_for_status()``
1162 * Improved Redirection Handling
1163 * New 'allow_redirects' param for following non-GET/HEAD Redirects
1164 * Settings module refactoring
1170 * Response.history: list of redirected responses
1171 * Case-Insensitive Header Dictionaries!
1178 * Urllib2 HTTPAuthentication Recursion fix (Basic/Digest)
1180 * Bytes data upload Bugfix
1188 * Unicode url-encoded data
1189 * Settings context manager and module
1195 * Automatic Decompression of GZip Encoded Content
1196 * AutoAuth Support for Tupled HTTP Auth
1210 * Automatic Authentication API Change
1211 * Smarter Query URL Parameterization
1212 * Allow file uploads and POST data together
1213 * New Authentication Manager System
1214 - Simpler Basic HTTP System
1215 - Supports all build-in urllib2 Auths
1216 - Allows for custom Auth Handlers
1222 * Python 2.5 Support
1223 * PyPy-c v1.4 Support
1224 * Auto-Authentication tests
1225 * Improved Request object constructor
1230 * New HTTPHandling Methods
1231 - Response.__nonzero__ (false if bad HTTP Status)
1232 - Response.ok (True if expected HTTP Status)
1233 - Response.error (Logged HTTPError if bad HTTP Status)
1234 - Response.raise_for_status() (Raises stored HTTPError)
1240 * Still handles request in the event of an HTTPError. (Issue #2)
1241 * Eventlet and Gevent Monkeypatch support.
1242 * Cookie Support (Issue #1)
1248 * Added file attribute to POST and PUT requests for multipart-encode file uploads.
1249 * Added Request.url attribute for context and redirects
1266 Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
1267 Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
1268 Classifier: Natural Language :: English
1269 Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
1270 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
1271 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
1272 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
1273 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
1274 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
1275 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
1276 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
1277 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
1278 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy